Flase consensus effect bias |Cognitive psychology of flase consensus | Hueristic of false consensus

8-False consensus

By Khaiyam khalid: https://www.Instagram.com/khalidkhaiyam/

Everyone thinks that

Pic says: “We believe more people agree with us than is actually the case.”

“Everyone thinks that.”

---

Order:

1. Definition

2. Elaboration

3. Example

4. Explanation

5. Effects

6. How to avoid?

---

1: What is it?

“Fallacy that people are thinking as we are.”

2: Elaboration

A misconception that the world is as We see it. It’s all about delusion about the nature of others’ behaviour, beliefs and thoughts that they are the same as mine.

An assumption about your thoughts to be common and normal because everyone is like that...

3: Example

When someone gave you two options to pick up one after you choose one if you will be asked that “what’s your opinion about people’s choice?”

you will say (if you accurately say following the hidden subconscious thoughts) they will, choose which I did.

Or if you are asked why you chose that?

In both cases, you will say because it’s normal and common with everyone.

You think that your thoughts are normal and people agree with them.

4: Explanation

“Ross et al. (1977) coined the term the false consensus effect (FCE) to describe the tendency to “see one’s own behavioural choices and judgments as relatively common and appropriate to existing circumstances while viewing alternative responses as uncommon, deviant, or inappropriate”

(If you keep thinking that this is normal then the conclusion can be harmful

You can easily observe it, just look around you, see the people and their tones, behaviours, words... Nearly all of them are following acts because they subconsciously think it’s normal. After all, if someone acts abnormally you can see the shininess (the nature of humans) in their body and language.)

Normal is right

When you thought that my actions and thoughts are normal then you subconsciously believed that you are right.

And when you believed I’m right then anything against that rightness will be completely wrong (no matter how right and the fact they are) and your belief will urge you to act not good...

When it becomes your habit, and your thoughts are different from others then you will be simultaneously out of the group of people, because everything against your fallacy is wrong.

And eventually, it can pull the wars and fights with one another as we see in our nowadays.

And this is how it affects.

Let’s see some boring points essential to depths:

Causes:

From the “psychology web..”

• MotivationalProcesses: Traditionally, researchers who have described phenomena like the false consensus effect or “egocentric attribution biases’’ have emphasized the motivation and function for the individual (Ross et al., 1977).

• Selective Exposure and Cognitive Availability: Another explanation that Ross et al. (1977) presents for the false consensus effect is selective exposure and availability factors.

• Ambiguity Resolution Factors:

Thirdly, Ross et al. (1977) proposes that the false consensus effect can also arise from someone’s response to ambiguity as to the forces causing a situation and the meaning and implications or various responses.

• Salience and Focus of Attention:

Following Ross et al.’s study (1977), researchers have proposed alternative mechanisms for the false consensus effect. One such mechanism is salience and focus of attention, alternatively called the selective information treatment hypothesis (Verlhiac, 2000).

• Logical Informational Processing:

The fourth and last putative theoretical mechanism for the false-consensus effect is logical information processing (Marks and Miller, 1987)

Information’s role

I also saw an article about this bias discussing about the causes but with some new experiences and experiments:

“Abstract:

We present an experiment on the false consensus effect. Unlike previous experiments, we provide monetary incentives for revealing the actual estimation of others’ behaviour. In each session and round, sixteen subjects make a choice between two options simultaneously. Then they estimate the choices of a randomly selected subgroup. For half of the rounds we provide information about other subjects’ choices. There we find no false consensus effect. At an aggregate level, subjects significantly underweight rather than overweight their choices. When we do not provide information, the presence of a false consensus effect cannot be detected.”

5: Effects:

In:

• Social

• Belief

• Politics

6: How to?

Easy!

Aren’t you different from another? In thinking, behaving, expressing, acting... People are also different.

What you think can be confined with yourself. And what others think is with others.

Some may think that the Nepal is not a good country. But you know how beautiful and loving country Nepal is, as other people know.

Just think people are different from one another, so your thoughts perhaps are different...

Halo and horn effect bias | Cognitive psychology of halo and horn | Heuristic of halo and horn

6- Halo effect bias

By Khaiyam khalid: https://www.instagram.com/khalidkhaiyam/

Halo effect bias

Pic says: “If you see a person as having a positive trait, that positive impression will spill over into their other traits. (This also works for negative traits)”

“Taylor could never be mean, she’s so cute.”

---

Order of the statement:

1. Definition

2. Elaboration

3. Example

4. Interpretation of halo and horn biases

5. Effects

6. How to avoid?

---

There are 2 biases:

A: Halo effect bias.

B: Horn effect bias.

First, we will discuss the Halo effect bias, then the Horn effect.

1: What is the Halo effect?

“Tendency of positive image and thoughts in your mind for someone by seeing one positive trait of that person”

In other words: “The halo effect refers to the tendency to allow one specific trait or our overall impression of a person, company or product to positively influence our judgment of their other related traits.”

---

2: Elaboration

When you see a good-looking person, you subconsciously evaluate that this person is good also, novel, sacred, pious, healthy physically and mentally, wealthy and so on. And you behave beautifully.

While a person with different outfits and looking is not treated well.

You saw one specific trait, single positivity or charming look and dashing attractiveness, then you subconsciously thought that all the traits are also heavenly admirable.

Initially, one specific admirable trait induces your evaluation to judge encompassingly sorts and varieties positively.

---

3: Example

It impacts in different various spheres, sometimes individually, like in education, and sometimes systematically like the growth of a product, and increasing the value of some companies.

“When you see a good-looking person and a bad-looking person at a crime spot, you think that the criminal must be that bad-looking guy”

Its completely same in the companies.

---

4: Explanation

Let’s know the word “Halo”

“The Term ‘Halo’

The term "halo" alludes to the religious concept of a glowing circle crowning the heads of saints and bathing their faces in a heavenly light.

In terms of the cognitive bias, the halo represents the positive light that we place upon people or things because of certain external characteristics. Because of their apparent halo-like qualities, we may be subject to overestimating the worth of people or things.”

It (Halo effect) was first coined and theorized in 1920.

It overshadows different aspects:

• In education It’s an obstruction in education, teachers subconsciously attempt to unduly find the good and students as well as the weak. When they see a charming student they assume creativity, goodness and talent and they more attention to them in comparison to others...

The same thing happens when a student is good at their subjects they evaluate that this student is also good in other subjects.

In the case of students, they also like to attend and listen to the classes of those teachers who are polite and good-looking...

That’s how this Halo hinders education.

• In workplace Experiments show the actuality as you see in interviews.

In marketing

The ads you see are how fantastic. Because of good looks...

• Academics and intelligence

Experienced it several times.

• Searching for crime

As you see the inhumanity of a specific group of people, culture and colour.

Most common fallacy

Attractive looks and tones are usually encircling this bias in all the sectors of initial evaluation and assumptions.

The reverse Halo effect:

“The reverse halo effect refers to the phenomenon whereby positive perceptions of a person can yield negative consequences (Edward, 2004). Errors in rating may eengender issues of validity and reliability.

On the other hand, alterations in ratings may, in fact, reflect actual transformations in behaviour—thereby signalling a mere appearance of compromised reliability. This possibility has been demonstrated by research on both men and women.”

Horn effect bias

Coined in 2004.

“The horn effect is essentially the reverse of the halo effect.

The horn effect, a type of cognitive bias, refers to the tendency to make an overall unfavourable impression of a person, based on one negative trait.

For instance, the horn effect may cause us to stereotype that someone who is physically overweight is also lazy although there is no evidence to indicate that morality is tied to appearance.”

---

5: Effects

• Politics

• Belief

• Social

Politics: when a politician speaks about the development and gives you words of beautifying your group especially then you evaluate that this is our leader and the future while that can be fraud, uneducated, and a disaster for the whole nation. As you can observe in the current state...

It badly affects the limbic instinct in believing and socializing...

You can perceive by yourself that when you see positivity in religion you think all the of that group is also good and same in the wrong side.

While it can be possible that the wrongness you observed maybe not negativity. And above all, it’s believed that some laws and sides are considerable then it doesn’t mean that the whole group and laws, culture and people are mean ...

This is one of the most important things to reflect on and solve the current issues...

---

How to?

Just slow down your thinking and this is what “very well mind” explained as

“Cognitive Debiasing

To minimize the influence of the bias, one can look to various cognitive debasing techniques such as slowing down one’s reasoning process.

For example, if you are aware of the halo effect, you can mitigate the effect of the bias by trying to create two possible impressions of people when you first meet them. Eventually, once you gain more information about the person, you will be able to choose which original impression was closest to how you have now come to see them.”

Group-thinking bias | Cognitive psychology group thinking | Hueristics of group thinking

Mates don't want to agree, they have their own opinions and ideas but being biased they agreed

---

Group-thinking bias

Pic says: “Due to desire for conformity and harmony in the group, we make irrational decisions, often to minimize conflict. Sally wants to go get ice cream, Francis wants to shop for t-shirts, and you suggest getting t-shirts with pictures of ice cream on them”

Article by: Khaiyam khalid

Insta of KK

---

Order:

1. Definition

2. Elaboration

3. Examples

4. Interpretation

5. Effects

6. How to avoid?

---

1: What is it?

“Consensual decision made irrationally in a group to avoid diversity”

---

2: Elaboration

In much better words than mine: “Groupthink is a psychological phenomenon in which people strive for consensus within a group. In many cases, people will set aside their personal beliefs or adopt the opinion of the rest of the group.

People who are opposed to the decisions or overriding opinions of the group as a whole frequently remain quiet, preferring to keep the peace rather than disrupt the uniformity of the crowd.

The phenomenon can be problematic, but even well-intentioned people are prone to making irrational decisions in the face of overwhelming pressure from the group”

Simply your groups make decisions not rationally but in an emotional manner. And everyone plays a role irrationally in decision-making to avoid conflict and diversity no matter how bad and flawed conclusions will be faced.

---

3: Example

Almost all of us have experienced it, mostly in close-to-heart groups and circles.

In your school, your group is gathered to choose a member to lead the group in a contest.

You can easily perceive that when a few members vote for someone, everyone starts voting for that guy to add unity (also because of the bandwagon effect bias), but some may vote for others because they also deserve it, so they don’t want to break their heart and make peace and harmony in the group.

Groupthink phenomena

---

4: Explanation

This is one of the best cognitive biases coined and theorize in the early years.

Allegedly it’s all about emphasizing or making a decision irrationally in a group, converging emotionally to unite members of the group and to band them together.

On the contrary, dissents, defer, and adversities by preventing them. Being charismatically optimistic on an invincible unanimous & infallible solidarity. Which is nothing but pitfalls.

Let’s understand it in a manner:

The desire for unity:

A group is a noun for the unity of people. That’s why a member of the group who supports it, desires the group to be as it is. So he pays several sacrifices to rid the frowned-up faces, expressions and feelings. That person also insulates thoughts to bypass the exacerbation even perturbation.

And this is the nature of nearly every member.

Desire potential to irrationality:

This desire makes you irrational and loses mindfulness & critical thinking. You will think and accept thoughts with the emotional brain (you knew the emotional and rational mind before in the bandwagon effect bias, so I’m not going to clip it again otherwise the book will be long).

(We will discuss the effects on the time)

Symptoms:

“Signs of Groupthink

Groupthink may not always be easy to discern, but there are some signs that it is present. There are also some situations where it may be more likely to occur. Janis identified several different “symptoms” that indicate groupthink.

• Illusions of unanimity lead members to believe that everyone is in agreement and feels the same way. It is often much more difficult to speak out when it seems that everyone else in the group is on the same page.

• ·Unquestioned beliefs lead members to ignore possible moral problems and not consider the consequences of individual and group actions.

• Rationalizing prevents members from reconsidering their beliefs and causes them to ignore warning signs.

• Stereotyping leads members of the in-group to ignore or even demonize out-group members who may oppose or challenge the group’s ideas. This causes members of the group to ignore important ideas or information

• Self-censorship causes people who might have doubts to hide their fears or misgivings. Rather than sharing what they know, people remain quiet and assume that the group must know best.

• “Mind-guards” act as self-appointed censors to hide problematic information from the group. Rather than sharing important information, they keep quiet or actively prevent sharing.

• Illusions of invulnerability lead members of the group to be overly optimistic and engage in risk-taking. When no one speaks out or voices an alternative opinion, it causes people to believe that the group must be right.

• Direct pressure to conform is often placed on members who pose questions, and those who question the group are often seen as disloyal or traitorous”

I also copy here word as word the causes of group thinking in detail:

• “Group identity: It tends to occur more in situations where group members are very similar to one another. When there is a strong group identity, members of the group tend to perceive their group as correct or superior while expressing disdain or disapproval toward people outside of the group”

• “Leader influences: Groupthink is also more likely to take place when a powerful and charismatic leader commands the group”

• “Low knowledge: When people lack personal knowledge of something or feel that other members of the group are more qualified, they are more likely to engage in groupthink”

• “Stress: Situations where the group is placed under extreme stress or where moral dilemmas exist also increase the occurrence of groupthink”

Derived from: verywellmind, and simple psychology.

---

5: Effects

It is effective in:

• Belief

• Social

• Politics

Belief:

The limbic instinct of beliefs simultaneously gets down and with time eventually, your beliefs are lost. You choose others’ words and get stuck there.

It also affects belief in various ways.

Social:

The experiments show that it can have harmful impacts on the social Which are explained in detail. As you knew.

If everyone keeps going in the way of groups then the fights are determined, as we see in our nowadays. The clash between groups (nations, cultures, religions..) and deformations of humanity.

A group is about to make a decision and few people gave some decisions emotionally and we see everyone starts to accept that and the trends on the websites... Is that the way to beautify society? Never it’s just a loop of hate...

Politics:

If people start voting for a single person rationally then what things can happen in the world we can’t even imagine? And effects will lie in social...

---

6: How to?

It is always the same: think about why and what!

Why this decision? What is the goodness in it? And so on.

(It is not always evil. It has also bright sides)