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8-False consensus By Khaiyam khalid: https://www.Instagram.com/khalidkhaiyam/ Pic says: “We believe more people agree with us than is actually the case.” “Everyone thinks that.” Order: Definition Elaboration Example Explanation Effects How to avoid? 1: What is it? “Fallacy that people are thinking as we are.” 2: Elaboration A misconception that the world is as We see it. It’s all about delusion about the nature of others’ behaviour, beliefs and thoughts that they are the same as mine. An assumption about your thoughts to be common and normal because everyone is like that... 3: Example When someone gave you two options to pick up one after you choose one if you will be asked that “what’s your opinion about people’s choice?” you will say (if you accurately say following the hidden subconscious thoughts) they will, choose which I did. Or if you are asked why you chose that? In both cases, you will say because it’s normal and common with everyone. You think that your thoughts are normal and people agree with them. 4: Explanation “Ross et al. (1977) coined the term the false consensus effect (FCE) to describe the tendency to “see one’s own behavioural choices and judgments as relatively common and appropriate to existing circumstances while viewing alternative responses as uncommon, deviant, or inappropriate” (If you keep thinking that this is normal then the conclusion can be harmful You can easily observe it, just look around you, see the people and their tones, behaviours, words... Nearly all of them are following acts because they subconsciously think it’s normal. After all, if someone acts abnormally you can see the shininess (the nature of humans) in their body and language.) Normal is right When you thought that my actions and thoughts are normal then you subconsciously believed that you are right. And when you believed I’m right then anything against that rightness will be completely wrong (no matter how right and the fact they are) and your belief will urge you to act not good... When it becomes your habit, and your thoughts are different from others then you will be simultaneously out of the group of people, because everything against your fallacy is wrong. And eventually, it can pull the wars and fights with one another as we see in our nowadays. And this is how it affects. Let’s see some boring points essential to depths: Causes: From the “psychology web..” MotivationalProcesses: Traditionally, researchers who have described phenomena like the false consensus effect or “egocentric attribution biases’’ have emphasized the motivation and function for the individual (Ross et al., 1977). Selective Exposure and Cognitive Availability: Another explanation that Ross et al. (1977) presents for the false consensus effect is selective exposure and availability factors. Ambiguity Resolution Factors: Thirdly, Ross et al. (1977) proposes that the false consensus effect can also arise from someone’s response to ambiguity as to the forces causing a situation and the meaning and implications or various responses. Salience and Focus of Attention: Following Ross et al.’s study (1977), researchers have proposed alternative mechanisms for the false consensus effect. One such mechanism is salience and focus of attention, alternatively called the selective information treatment hypothesis (Verlhiac, 2000). Logical Informational Processing: The fourth and last putative theoretical mechanism for the false-consensus effect is logical information processing (Marks and Miller, 1987) Information’s role I also saw an article about this bias discussing about the causes but with some new experiences and experiments: “Abstract: We present an experiment on the false consensus effect. Unlike previous experiments, we provide monetary incentives for revealing the actual estimation of others’ behaviour. In each session and round, sixteen subjects make a choice between two options simultaneously. Then they estimate the choices of a randomly selected subgroup. For half of the rounds we provide information about other subjects’ choices. There we find no false consensus effect. At an aggregate level, subjects significantly underweight rather than overweight their choices. When we do not provide information, the presence of a false consensus effect cannot be detected.” 5: Effects: In: Social Belief Politics 6: How to? Easy! Aren’t you different from another? In thinking, behaving, expressing, acting... People are also different. What you think can be confined with yourself. And what others think is with others. Some may think that the Nepal is not a good country. But you know how beautiful and loving country Nepal is, as other people know. Just think people are different from one another, so your thoughts perhaps are different...

6- Halo effect bias By Khaiyam khalid: https://www.instagram.com/khalidkhaiyam/ Pic says: “If you see a person as having a positive trait, that positive impression will spill over into their other traits. (This also works for negative traits)” “Taylor could never be mean, she’s so cute.” Order of the statement: Definition Elaboration Example Interpretation of halo and horn biases Effects How to avoid? There are 2 biases: A: Halo effect bias. B: Horn effect bias. First, we will discuss the Halo effect bias, then the Horn effect. 1: What is the Halo effect? “Tendency of positive image and thoughts in your mind for someone by seeing one positive trait of that person” In other words: “The halo effect refers to the tendency to allow one specific trait or our overall impression of a person, company or product to positively influence our judgment of their other related traits.” 2: Elaboration When you see a good-looking person, you subconsciously evaluate that this person is good also, novel, sacred, pious, healthy physically and mentally, wealthy and so on. And you behave beautifully. While a person with different outfits and looking is not treated well. You saw one specific trait, single positivity or charming look and dashing attractiveness, then you subconsciously thought that all the traits are also heavenly admirable. Initially, one specific admirable trait induces your evaluation to judge encompassingly sorts and varieties positively. 3: Example It impacts in different various spheres, sometimes individually, like in education, and sometimes systematically like the growth of a product, and increasing the value of some companies. “When you see a good-looking person and a bad-looking person at a crime spot, you think that the criminal must be that bad-looking guy” Its completely same in the companies. 4: Explanation Let’s know the word “Halo” “The Term ‘Halo’ The term "halo" alludes to the religious concept of a glowing circle crowning the heads of saints and bathing their faces in a heavenly light. In terms of the cognitive bias, the halo represents the positive light that we place upon people or things because of certain external characteristics. Because of their apparent halo-like qualities, we may be subject to overestimating the worth of people or things.” It (Halo effect) was first coined and theorized in 1920. It overshadows different aspects: In education It’s an obstruction in education, teachers subconsciously attempt to unduly find the good and students as well as the weak. When they see a charming student they assume creativity, goodness and talent and they more attention to them in comparison to others... The same thing happens when a student is good at their subjects they evaluate that this student is also good in other subjects. In the case of students, they also like to attend and listen to the classes of those teachers who are polite and good-looking... That’s how this Halo hinders education. In workplace Experiments show the actuality as you see in interviews. In marketing The ads you see are how fantastic. Because of good looks... Academics and intelligence Experienced it several times. Searching for crime As you see the inhumanity of a specific group of people, culture and colour. Most common fallacy Attractive looks and tones are usually encircling this bias in all the sectors of initial evaluation and assumptions. The reverse Halo effect: “The reverse halo effect refers to the phenomenon whereby positive perceptions of a person can yield negative consequences (Edward, 2004). Errors in rating may eengender issues of validity and reliability. On the other hand, alterations in ratings may, in fact, reflect actual transformations in behaviour—thereby signalling a mere appearance of compromised reliability. This possibility has been demonstrated by research on both men and women.” Horn effect bias Coined in 2004. “The horn effect is essentially the reverse of the halo effect. The horn effect, a type of cognitive bias, refers to the tendency to make an overall unfavourable impression of a person, based on one negative trait. For instance, the horn effect may cause us to stereotype that someone who is physically overweight is also lazy although there is no evidence to indicate that morality is tied to appearance.” 5: Effects Politics Belief Social Politics: when a politician speaks about the development and gives you words of beautifying your group especially then you evaluate that this is our leader and the future while that can be fraud, uneducated, and a disaster for the whole nation. As you can observe in the current state... It badly affects the limbic instinct in believing and socializing... You can perceive by yourself that when you see positivity in religion you think all the of that group is also good and same in the wrong side. While it can be possible that the wrongness you observed maybe not negativity. And above all, it’s believed that some laws and sides are considerable then it doesn’t mean that the whole group and laws, culture and people are mean ... This is one of the most important things to reflect on and solve the current issues... How to? Just slow down your thinking and this is what “very well mind” explained as “Cognitive Debiasing To minimize the influence of the bias, one can look to various cognitive debasing techniques such as slowing down one’s reasoning process. For example, if you are aware of the halo effect, you can mitigate the effect of the bias by trying to create two possible impressions of people when you first meet them. Eventually, once you gain more information about the person, you will be able to choose which original impression was closest to how you have now come to see them.”